Under which condition is a mental health professional considered a 'covered entity' under HIPAA?

A mental health professional is considered a 'covered entity' under HIPAA when they transmit any protected health information (PHI) electronically. This designation arises from the HIPAA regulations, which apply to health care providers, health plans, and health care clearinghouses that electronically transmit any health information in connection with a HIPAA transaction. By engaging in the electronic exchange of PHI, these professionals are subject to compliance with HIPAA’s privacy and security regulations, ensuring that clients' health information is protected during electronic communications.

The other conditions listed do not meet the criteria for becoming a covered entity. For instance, providing services as a volunteer does not necessarily involve the transmission of PHI, and even if records are maintained only on paper, it does not classify a professional as a covered entity since HIPAA specifically addresses electronic transactions. Similarly, practicing independently without any client interaction means there is no involvement with PHI, therefore not qualifying for covered entity status under HIPAA.